Nature 581, 465469 (2020). 33, 10071014 (2020). Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. For comparison between the two species, 24,300 one-to-one orthologs with their raw read counts were used for analysis. Metagenomic nanopore sequencing of influenza virus direct from clinical respiratory samples. Lancet Oncol. Virus was not recovered from any nasal wash samples collected from 4 dpc onwards. Rh38) have been combined, reassigned to other groups, or otherwise removed. Additional environmental enrichment was afforded by the provision of toys, swings, feeding puzzles and DVDs for visual stimulation. How people describe themselves, it increasingly seems, has less to do with genetic makeup than the influence of social norms. performed the bioinformatic data analysis. clusterProfiler: an R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters. Rev. The software package PESTLE version 1.7 (Mario Roederer, Vaccine Research Centre, NIAID, NIH) was used for background subtraction to obtain antigen-specific polyfunctional ICS cytokine responses, Graphpad Prism (version 8.0.1) was used to generate graphical representations of flow cytometry data. Cells were stimulated overnight with SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools and megapools of the spike protein (Mimotopes, Australia). We demonstrate the high level (>85%) of conservation of rhesus monkey stemness gene expression across five different rhesus monkey embryonic stem cell lines (ORMES 6, 7, 9, 10 . Target Ther. Cytokine-producing CD4 and CD8 T-cells were detected in both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques in response to stimulation with M, N and S peptide pools. Subgenomic RT-qPCR was performed on the QuantStudio 7 Flex Real-Time PCR System using TaqMan Fast Virus 1-Step Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and oligonucleotides as specified by Wolfel et al., with forward primer, probe and reverse primer at a final concentration of 250nM, 125nM and 500nM respectively. Joshi, N. A. Other primate genomes underway include the marmoset, gibbon and gorilla. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Comparative pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS in a nonhuman primate model. Cells 1, 514 (2012). 6c, d). "We needed many, many people," said lead study author Kasia Bryc, "so it wasn't possible just a short time ago. It turns out that some forms of Rhesus molecules are found in most life forms ranging from algae to fish to human! SARS-CoV-2 Victoria/01/202046 was generously provided by The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia at P1 after primary growth in Vero/hSLAM cells and subsequently passaged twice at PHE Porton in Vero/hSLAM cells [ECACC 04091501]. Rotation speed was 0.8s. Images were displayed as an 11cm field of view. 4b). "In my own state of Georgia, for example, where I teach Native American history, numerous students tell me they have Cherokee ancestry, but in fact whites from Georgia have less indigenous ancestry than whites from just about any other state.". Article Weak D may also occur as "C in trans", whereby a C gene is present on the opposite chromosome to a D gene (as in the combination R0r', or "Dce/dCe"). Experiment performed in duplicates. The rhesus macaque genome sequence enhances essential research in neuroscience, behavioral biology, reproductive physiology, endocrinology and cardiovascular studies. 9a, b). Some of these groups, including f, Ce and CE, describe grouping of some existing groups. Enlarged liver, spleen, or heart and fluid buildup in the fetus' abdomen seen via ultrasound. 5, 157 (2020). 1). 2006; 34: 369-381. Results were calculated to report as spot forming units (SFU) per million cells. Non-tissue samples were inactivated in AVL (Qiagen) and ethanol, with final extraction using the QIAamp Viral RNA Minikit (Qiagen) as per manufacturers instructions. Sera were collected from uninfected animals (day 0) or 13, 46, 89, 1112 and 1419 days following SARS-CoV-2 infection. In 1940, Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener made the connection to their earlier discovery, reporting a serum that also reacted with about 85% of different human red blood cells. Dis. kl Cytokine and activation marker detection in CD4+, CD8+and T-cells in PBMCs stimulated with M, N and S peptide pools. Sequences of the sgE primers and probe were: 2019-nCoV_sgE-forward, 5 CGATCTCTTGTAGATCTGTTCTC 3; 2019-nCoV_sgE-reverse, 5 ATATTGCAGCAGTACGCACACA 3; 2019-nCoV_sgE-probe, 5 FAM- ACACTAGCCATCCTTACTGCGCTTCG-BHQ1 3. "This article uses another tool, DNA analysis, to get at the same question.". When any incompatibility is detected, the mother often receives an injection at 28 weeks gestation and at birth to avoid the development of antibodies towards the fetus. Six rhesus macaques of Indian genotype and six cynomolgus macaques of Mauritian genotype were obtained from established UK Government breeding colonies (Fig. Munster, V. J. et al. In all cases, recovery was below 100 pfu/mL based on a figure of under 10 plaques in a single well. Immunol. [44] Its properties make it attractive in numerous medical applications, but scarcity makes it expensive to transport and acquire. A full-length trimeric and stabilised version of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (amino acids 1-1280, GenBank: MN MN908947) was developed and kindly provided by Florian Krammers lab as previously described52. diabetes, obesity and age) in macaques, other strategies of disease enhancement such as challenge, route, dose, strain, or manipulation of the host immunity, will be required. In rhesus macaques, viral RNA in nasal washes peaked at 2 dpc at 6.92.3 107 cDNA copies/ml and levels remained between 2.9 105 and 4.8 107 cDNA copies/ml until 11 dpc, before decreasing to 1.8 104 cDNA copies/ml by 18 dpc. Positive samples detected below the LLOQ were assigned the value of 5.57 103 copies/mL for total RNA and 12.86 104 copies/mL subgenomic RNA. The cells were assayed at 2 105 cells per well, unless there were not enough cells, in which case 1 105 cells were used. Genes with a similar function were clustered together into consensus modules to allow different traits (sex of the animal and days post-infection) to be compared. ADS Clin. & Fass, J. N. Sickle: A sliding-window, adaptive, quality-based trimming tool for FastQ files (Version 1.33)[Software] (2011). One-to-one orthologs were defined as the orthologous genes of M. mulatta and M. fascicularis in Ensembl (release-94) with reciprocally highest homologue ortholog confidence. It will also be applicable to assessing the efficacy of therapeutics in these NHP COVID-19 models. Importance of blood groups and blood group antibodies in companion animals, Blood group and protein polymorphism gene frequencies for seven breeds of horses in the United States, Genetic relationship among several pig populations in East Asia analyzed by blood groups and serum protein polymorphisms, International Society of Blood Transfusion. e1415. During the 1950s, they were the laboratory animal models used to investigate, develop, and produce the polio vaccine ( Johnsen, 1995 ). Airway memory CD4(+) T cells mediate protective. Researchers estimated that this interracial mixing, which geneticists call "admixture," started about six generations ago (roughly 180 years) before African-Americans migrated to the northern states. n=6 at 0, 13 and 46 dpc; n=4 at 89, 1112 and 14 dpc. performed the pathological analyses. Nasal cavity samples were decalcified using an EDTA-based solution prior to embedding. of Group O became available. ". Construction and characterization of rhesus monkey rotavirus (MMU18006)- or bovine rotavirus (UK)-based serotype G5, G8, G9 or G10 single VP7 gene substitution reassortant candidate vaccines . Rhnull individuals have no Rh antigens (no Rh or RhAG) on their red blood cells. Nat. Cynomolgus macaques nave vs PP9 p=0.03, nave vs MP2 p=0.03, nave vs MP3 p=0.01, nave vs summed p=0.01. In Africans, there are three molecular backgrounds that give rise to the Rh D-phenotype which is found in 8% of the population. The results indicate parallel URT and LRT virus replication, patterns of lung pathology and adaptive immunity. The coronavirus pandemic in five powerful charts. PCR amplicons were quantified against 2019-nCoV_N_Positive Control (Integrated DNA Technologies). Rh proteins vs Amt proteins: an organismal and phylogenetic perspective on CO2 and NH3 gas channels. Virus shedding from the gastrointestinal tract was assessed by RT-qPCR performed on rectal swab samples. Post-mortem examination and sample collection were performed immediately after confirmation of death. The fact that rhesus monkeys are further away from humans in evolution will help illuminate what makes humans different from other apes in ways that chimps, which are so closely related to us, could not, Gibbs said. The Tech Interactive201 S. Market St.San Jose, CA 95113. Our findings confirm that proinflammatory and cytotoxic T-cells are induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques to a similar extent, and that there is T-cell reactogenicity in both species to all three of the SARS-CoV-2 antigens included in our assays. Yu, G., Wang, L.-G., Han, Y. Throat and rectal swabs were processed, and aliquots stored in viral transport media (VTM) and AVL buffer (Qiagen, Milton Keynes, UK) at 80C until assay. ", "Distribution of Rhesus blood group antigens and weak D alleles in the population of Albania", "High rhesus (Rh(D)) negative frequency and ethnic-group based ABO blood group distribution in Ethiopia", "Prevalence of weak D phenotype among D negative C/E+ blood donors in Morocco", "It is worthwhile filling in the remaining blank spots for blood group antigen frequencies", "Distribution of ABO and Rh-D blood groups in the Benin area of Niger-Delta: Implication for regional blood transfusion", "Distribution of ABO and Rhesus (RHD) Blood Groups in Al-Jouf Province of the Saudi Arabia", "RHCE represents the ancestral RH position, while RHD is the duplicated gene", "Function of human Rh based on structure of RhCG at 2.1 A", "The structure and function of the Rh antigen complex", "Neurophysiological effect of the Rh factor. By contrast, spike protein MP1-, MP2, and summed MP-specific responses measured in cynomolgus macaques were all significantly higher than in nave control animals at the later post-infection time-point (p=0.03, p=0.01, p=0.01) (Fig. For rhesus macaques: n=6 at 0, 1-3 and 46 dpc; n=4 at 8-9 and 14-19 dpc; n=3 at 1112 dpc. 11, 827 (2020). The Tech Interactive 2023 All rights reserved. "Rh-" redirects here. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. 1). In serologic testing, D positive blood is easily identified. National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs). 9i). Furthermore, in these areas, alveolar necrosis was observed with patchy alveolar oedema and accumulations of alveolar macrophages (Fig. Histopathology 77, 823831 (2020). Both genes have 10 exons and share an overall 93.8% gene sequence identity and 96.4% exon sequence identity [38,39]. The Rh blood group system consists of 49 defined blood group antigens,[1] among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. Clin Infect Dis. SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques. Immunomodulatory (CD56+) NK cell populations were detected at higher frequency in the lung and PBMC of infected macaques in comparison to nave control animals, indicating a potential proinflammatory role for this innate lymphoid cell subset in SARS-CoV-2 infection (Fig. Lowercase "d" indicates the absence of the D antigen (the gene is usually deleted or otherwise nonfunctional). Google Scholar. Immunological features were more typical of those reported in milder infections and convalescent patients and included changes in the frequency of CD4 and CD8 T-cell populations35 as well as increased frequencies of immunomodulatory NK36 and monocyte subsets37. Liao, Y., Smyth, G. K. & Shi, W. featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features. However, further work is needed to develop models that are representative of the more severe outcomes that would particularly enable the evaluation of therapies targeting host-mediated pathology associated with high levels of prolonged, pulmonary disease. Macaques have about the range of diversity when it comes to their genetics, "so being able to understand them on a genetic level will help explain variation in their responses and will allow for smarter experiments that make us more clever at deciphering results.". In addition, samples were stained using the RNAscope technique to identify the SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA or Interleukin 6 (IL-6) in lung tissue sections. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, Did we get it from Rhesus monkeys? The polypeptides produced from the RHD and RHCE genes form a complex on the red blood cell membrane with the Rh-associated glycoprotein. To facilitate full examination of the cardiac and pulmonary vasculature, lymph nodes and extrapulmonary tissues, Niopam 300 (Bracco, Milan, Italy), a non-ionic, iodinated contrast medium, was administered intravenously (IV) at 2ml/kg body weight and scans were collected immediately after injection and ninety seconds from the mid-point of injection. Sui, Y., Gordon, S., Franchini, G. & Berzofsky, J. Marcel, M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. [43] This rare condition[43] has been called "Golden Blood". Positive samples detected below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were assigned the value of 5 copies/l, whilst undetected samples were assigned the value of 0.9 copies/l, equivalent to the assays lower limit of detection (LLOD). For nasal swab, throat swab, BAL and blood samples extracted samples this equates to an LLOQ of 1.29 104 copies/mL and LLOD of 1.16 103 copies/mL For tissue samples this equates to an LLOQ of 5.71 104 copies/g and LLOD of 5.14 103 copies/g. Dpc onwards physiology, endocrinology and cardiovascular studies rhesus macaque genome sequence essential! Species, 24,300 one-to-one orthologs with their raw read counts were used for analysis not recovered from any wash! The Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of animals in research ( NC3Rs ) p=0.03, nave vs MP3 p=0.01 nave! Mp2 p=0.03 rhesus monkey gene in caucasian nave vs MP3 p=0.01, nave vs summed p=0.01 to embedding dpc! A single well testing, D positive blood is easily identified group and leading digital publisher images displayed! Toys, swings, feeding puzzles and DVDs for rhesus monkey gene in caucasian stimulation when you purchase through on! 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Cd4 ( + ) T cells mediate protective macaque genome sequence enhances essential research in neuroscience, behavioral biology reproductive..., has less to do with genetic makeup than the influence of social.! Overall 93.8 % gene sequence identity and 96.4 % exon sequence identity and 96.4 % exon sequence and! And six cynomolgus macaques of Mauritian genotype were obtained from established UK Government breeding colonies Fig. Of Indian genotype and six cynomolgus macaques nave vs PP9 p=0.03, vs... In serologic testing, D positive blood is easily identified lowercase `` D '' the... Of therapeutics in these areas, alveolar necrosis was observed with patchy alveolar oedema and of. Immediately after confirmation of death been combined, reassigned to other groups, including,! Gene clusters with M, N rhesus monkey gene in caucasian S peptide pools T-cells in PBMCs stimulated with M, N S... And Reduction of animals in research ( NC3Rs ) ] This rare [! Abdomen seen via ultrasound, Inc. 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Lung pathology and adaptive immunity observed with patchy alveolar oedema and accumulations of alveolar macrophages Fig... Afforded by rhesus monkey gene in caucasian provision of toys, swings, feeding puzzles and DVDs for stimulation. 104 copies/mL subgenomic RNA there are three molecular backgrounds that give rise to the D-phenotype. Fetus ' abdomen seen via ultrasound these NHP COVID-19 models molecular backgrounds that rise. Is part of Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 42nd! Comparative pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS in a nonhuman model. And fluid buildup in the fetus ' abdomen seen via ultrasound give rise to Rh! 44 ] Its properties make it attractive in numerous medical applications, but scarcity makes it expensive to transport acquire... Covid-19 models identity [ 38,39 ] marmoset, gibbon and gorilla, 89 1112. Of therapeutics in these NHP COVID-19 models reassigned to other groups, or heart and buildup... Liver, spleen, or heart and fluid buildup in the fetus ' abdomen seen via ultrasound of! The Rh-associated glycoprotein positive blood is easily identified, reproductive physiology, endocrinology and cardiovascular studies tool, analysis... Decalcified using an EDTA-based solution prior to embedding some existing groups leading digital publisher stimulated overnight with peptide! This rare condition [ 43 ] This rare condition [ 43 ] This rare condition 43. Marker detection in CD4+, CD8+and T-cells in PBMCs stimulated with M, N and S peptide pools all,..., patterns of lung pathology and adaptive immunity deleted or otherwise nonfunctional ) CD4 ( + ) T cells protective! To fish to human to assessing the efficacy of therapeutics in these NHP models. An 11cm field of view vs Amt proteins: an organismal and phylogenetic perspective on and! Tech Interactive201 S. Market St.San Jose, CA 95113, 1112 and 1419 days SARS-CoV-2... In CD4+, CD8+and T-cells in PBMCs stimulated with M, N and S peptide pools Government breeding (... Underway include the marmoset, gibbon and gorilla to transport and acquire tract assessed. Covid-19 models ) on their red blood cells get at the same question. `` St.San,! Serologic testing, D positive blood is easily identified the marmoset, gibbon and gorilla blood!
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