Victories there, could lead to the capture of the Federal capital in Washington, D.C. Confederate success could also influence impending Congressional elections in the North and persuade European nations to recognize the Confederate States of America. McRae remembered: The most unutterable stampede occurred. There was a lot at stake for the Battle of Antietam. One soldier remembered: "The air seems full of leaden missiles. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Hoods Confederates had been marching and fighting continually for several days, and Jackson gave permission for Hood to withdraw his division to the vicinity of the Dunker Church to cook rations. Originally designated the 2nd Continue reading The 90th Pennsylvania Infantry in the Cornfield: Solitary and alone, we gave and took ourmedicine, Barely two dozen yards ahead lay the northern end of the Cornfield. Ricketts remaining two brigades, under Colonel William A. Christian and Brig. Halt, 102nd, he ordered. Late in the afternoon, reinforcements from Longstreet began to arrive. If the Army of the Potomac moved rapidly through the passes in South Mountain, which an overconfident Lee had failed to defend, McClellan might interpose superior forces between Longstreet to the north and Jackson, McLaws, and Walker to the south, take on the Rebel commands separately, and defeat them one at a time. Hooker threw a blanket on the ground near the Poffenberger farmhouse and commented within earshot of George Smalley, a reporter for the New York Tribune, If they had let us start earlier, we might have finished tonight.. Over the next half hour, Douglass and half his command fell in the heated exchange of rifle and artillery fire. Hoods division roared out of the West Woods, around the Dunker Church, and through a gap in the fence along the Hagerstown Turnpike, pitching furiously into the Iron Brigade. The fighting in the southwest corner of the cornfield became desperate. Updated: November 28, 2022 | Original: October 27, 2009. And when Lee heard a copy of Special Order 191 was missing, he knew his scattered army was vulnerable and rushed to reunite its units. 2. Repeated Union attacks and equally vicious Confederate counterattacks sweep back and forth across Millers cornfield and the West Woods. Pvt. One of his junior officers observed a large Union formation moving to the right. The Proclamation, which vows to free the slaves of all states still in rebellion as of January 1, 1863, will forever change the course of the war and the nation by marrying the Union cause with an attack on the institution of slavery. Near the center of the battlefield, another site of slaughter was a farm lane known as the Sunken Road, where Hills division of approximately 2,600 men had piled fence rails along the roads embankment to fortify their position against Union Major General William H. Frenchs 5,500 approaching troops. Men laughed and giggled, screamed and cried. The Unions claim of victory at Antietam and Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation are thought to be why Republicans held the House in the 1862 mid-term elections. Gen. John Gibbon, commander of the 4th Brigade, I Corps. When another officer asked the whereabouts of his division, he replied sorrowfully, Dead on the field.. It was finalized on the afternoon of the 16th, a full day after McClellan had arrived on the scene. The Cornfield Trail at Antietam National Battlefield. An hour before dawn, Hooker rode from the Poffenberger farm to his picket line beyond the edge of the North Woods. Despite heavy losses and tenacious resistance, Doubleday had driven deeply into Jacksons line. Part of Trimble's Brigade, the 12 th Georgia held part of Jackson's line in front of the Dunker Church during the morning Union attacks at Antietam. Hill forced Cox back to Foxs Gap with a gritty, tooth-and-nail defense that included arming cooks, clerks, and teamsters. After the battle, photographer Alexander Gardner photographed their corpses, twisted and contorted into grotesque positions, lying unburied in the summer sun. Gen. George A. Hartsuff, moved forward. Miller's Cornfield (usually referred to as 'the Cornfield') is a section of the Antietam battlefield of the American Civil War . Antietam on the Web.Special Orders No. Free delivery for many products! Duryeas battered brigade withdrew through the cornfield toward the East Woods, exposing the Iron Brigades left flank. Excellent summaries of the individual skirmishes and the overall battle. Some of these regiments attacked all the way to the northern edge of the Cornfield, where they were crushed by the arrival of the Union Twelfth Corps. (2) At 7:00 a.m., Gen. John Bell Hoods Confederate Division of approximately 2,000 men was waiting behind the Dunker Church. After the war-weary general repeatedly refused Lincolns orders to pursue Lees retreating troops, Lincoln removed McClellan from command on November 5, 1862. Lees back was to the Potomac, and only Botelers Ford at Shepherdstown offered a clear avenue of escape across the river if the Confederates were driven from the field. Lee detailed his complex plan in Special Orders No. After losing his command, McClellan took up a new careerpolitics. The president relieved McClellan of his duties on November 7 and appointed Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside to be his replacement. Lost Order, Lost Cause. It also gave President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation at a moment of strength rather than desperation. Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Lee, hopelessly outnumbered, still intended to make a stand in Maryland. Join historians and history buffs alike with our Unlimited Digital Access pass to every military history article ever published (over 3,000 articles) in Sovereigns military history magazines. Even before the nine-day trek, Lincoln had all but given up on the man who had once been christened Young Napoleon for his military promise. A steady drizzle pelted down during the night, soaking the men as they fitfully slept. East of the turnpike lay the prosperous farm of David R. Miller, including the house, outbuildings, orchard, and a 24-acre field of ripening corn, grown taller than a mans head and nearly ready for harvest. Brigadier General David Ricketts 2nd Division, led by Brig. With Federal forces closing in from the east, Lee selects strategic ground near Antietam Creek and orders his army to converge there. Gens. He wanted to move the focus of fighting away from the South and into Federal territory. Longstreets and Hills units formed the Confederate right and center flanks to the west of Antietam Creek, while Jacksons and Brigadier General John G. Walkers units formed the Confederate left flank. An up-close look at the people, places and turning points of the American Civil War. The fight began to peter out with the gathering darkness. All of Lees troops were worn-out and hungry, and many were sick. [1]. Union Gen. Joseph Hooker remembered that "every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife, and the slain lay in rows precisely as they stood in their ranks a few moments before. By David A. Welker Tuesday, September 2nd, 1862 dawned bright and clear on the rolling hills of western Continue reading Farming the Cornfield: D. R. Millers 1862 Harvest ofDeath, By David A. Welker The 21st New York Infantry Regiment was born in Buffalo, New Yorks old Court House on the evening of April 13, 1861. Early reports from Stuarts cavalry told him that McClellan was on the road to Frederick, and on September 10 he ordered Longstreet to advance to Hagerstown with 10,000 troops, occupying the village before any Union forces might contest the Confederate rallying point. The Iron Brigade headed down the turnpike and into the northwest corner of the cornfield, while Duryea struck toward the East Woods and the cornfields southern edge. A short video presentation on Tour Stop 4, The Cornfield. Greenes two brigades were within 200 yards of the Dunker Church, where they halted and watched the West Woods swarm with Confederates. Despite having the advantage, he allowed Lee to retreat without resistance. Antietam, the deadliest one-day battle in American military history, showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater. Had Franklin overwhelmed McLaws and marched hard for Harpers Ferry, he might have lifted the siege and checked any subsequent movement by Jackson. Hood, a Kentuckian, commanded a full division including his old brigade of the 1st, 4th, and 5th Texas, the 18th Georgia, Brig. Union troops fired first at the Confederates left flank and the carnage began. Battle of Antietam: Clash in the Cornfield America's bloodiest day began with heavy fighting that ravaged a previously innocuous cornfield in western Maryland. (Part Two): The Complicated Story of Virginias General John R.Jones, Amidst a firestorm of Confederate shells, just as his brigade was heading into the hell of Antietams Cornfield, Colonel William Christian suddenly muttered Ive always had a great fear of shelling. And with that, he simply vanished By David A. Welker William Henry Christian was born on April 9th 1825 in Utica, New York. His orders from Lincoln and Army General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck were somewhat vague: protect Washington and, if possible, destroy Lees army in the process. The Tigers also clashed with Ricketts brigade, under Colonel Richard Coulter, who had replaced the wounded Hartsuff, as the Federals rushed through the shattered cornfield. Nearing the end of 2018, well be bombarded by the annual parade of top ten lists counting down everything from the years news events to songs and online fads. Amidst a firestorm of Confederate shells, just as his brigade was heading into the hell of Antietam's Cornfield, Colonel William Christian suddenly muttered "I've always had a great fear of shelling." And with that, he simply vanished By David A. Welker William Henry Christian was born on April 9th 1825 in Utica, New York. It is remembered as the site of some of the most savage fighting of the Battle of Antietam, which itself was the bloodiest single-day action of the Civil War. In less than fifteen we were sending and receiving death missiles by the bushel. Hoods men drove north, forcing the First Corps back across the Cornfield. Meanwhile, Lee counted on McClellans lack of aggressiveness. Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. by David A. Welker 9/15/2020. The 5th Virginia's Ezra Stickley awakened and realized the firing had picked up considerably. General Robert E. Lee also recognized dissent among Lincolns ranks and hoped a battle victory on Union land might topple Lincolns congressional support and help secure the Confederacy once and for all. The Most Terrible Clash of Arms HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. For the next four hours the Cornfield was the center of a storm of lead, iron, and flame as Federal soldiers from the First and Twelfth Corps clashed with Lee's men. The Army of the Potomac began to concentrate that night, but during the following day McClellan declined to make a decisive move. Gen. Mansfield was mortally wounded and Gen. Alpheus Williams took command of the Corps. After chasing Confederate skirmishers off the Miller farm, Gibbons men headed for the northwest corner of the cornfield and began taking fire from Douglass troops and the Stonewall Brigade posted in the West Woods. Following the surrender of Harpers Ferry, the scattered Confederate forces would converge. The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point tells for the first time the full story of the exciting struggle to control "the Cornfield," the action on which the costly battle of Antietam turned, in a thorough yet readable narrative. James Dougherty, 128th Pennsylvania Infantry, wounded in the Cornfield. Lincoln has been waiting for a military success to issue his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. This army will respect your choice whatever it may be., To Lees immediate disappointment, the citizens of Frederick generally kept their shops locked up tight. After a Union victory at the Battle of South Mountain and a Confederate victory at the Battle of Harpers Ferry, Confederate general Robert E. Lee opts to make one last stand in the hopes of salvaging his Maryland Campaign. Lincoln disagreed. This assault on Robert E. Lee's forces began the Battle of Antietam, the single bloodiest day of the Civil War. Lees positions provided natural cover, with an undulating landscape and rocky limestone outcroppings, while west of the Hagerstown Turnpike the knoll known as Nicodemus Hill offered a commanding position for Confederate artillery. Works, was hot on the heels of the fleeing Federals and outran the rest of Woffords brigade. At the sound of guns to their right, Mansfields 7,200-strong XII Corps, half of whom had never fired a shot in anger, set out at a leisurely pace, often allowed to break ranks and boil coffee. Typically, he waited until the morning of September 14 to get moving. When Lees order reached Jackson, he dutifully prepared another copy for Hill, his brother-in-law, unaware that Chilton had included Hill among those receiving the order directly from Lee. Artillery blasted Hoods Texans with double loads of canister, Gibbon moved in to personally direct the fire. Lee planned to retreat to Virginia, but changed his mind after hearing Confederate General Thomas Jonathan Jacksonbetter known as Stonewall Jacksonhad captured Harpers Ferry. Except for books, Amazon will display a List Price if the product was purchased by customers on Amazon or offered by other retailers at . Jackson included the caveat that Hood be ready to move at a moments notice if called upon. Battle of Antietam, also called Battle of Sharpsburg, (September 17, 1862), in the American Civil War (1861-65), a decisive engagement that halted the Confederate invasion of Maryland, an advance that was regarded as one of the greatest Confederate threats to Washington, D.C. Gen. William E. Starke spurred his brigade of Louisiana soldiers and accompanying Virginians headlong into the Iron Brigade. In a letter to his wife, Mary, Lincoln joked, We are about to be photographed. The two brigades emerged from the North Woods simultaneously and crossed a field of clover. As he was carried to the rear, Reno yelled to Brig. To the west, Doubledays division made better progress. With the full commitment of McClellans troops, which outnumbered the Confederates two to one, the battle might have had a more definitive outcome. Locally, the members of the congregation were known as Dunkers. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. The Battle of Antietam has the regrettable distinction of being the bloodiest one-day battle in American history. Hills division charges into battle after a long march from Harpers Ferry, helping drive back the assault and saving the day for the Army of Northern Virginia. It is remembered as the site of some of the most savage fighting of the Battle of Antietam, which itself was the bloodiest single-day action of the Civil War. McClellan charged Hooker and Mansfield, supported by Sumner, with the main effort against the Confederate left, while Burnside crossed the lower bridge and fords at Antietam Creek to attack the ridgeline on the Confederate right. I lived there as a child and these were the fields we played in before they became National Park Service protectorates, the mid-1950s. Although it offered some advantages, it was also precarious. Maj. Gen. Fitz-John Porters V Corps occupied the Union center along the hills east of Antietam Creek, while Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside positioned his IX Corps opposite the lower bridge and the bluffs that commanded the approaches. Antietam on the Web. . Why did Lincoln lose faith in George McClellans command after Antietam? Gen. Wade Hamptons South Carolina Legion under the command of Colonel William T. Wofford, and a second brigade under Colonel Evander M. Law that consisted of the 4th Alabama, 2nd and 11th Mississippi, and the 6th North Carolina regiments. Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. Miller's 30-acre cornfield at Antietam. Hills rear guard remained at Boonsboro with 5,000 troops. The Battle of Antietam begins at dawn when Hookers Union corps mounts a powerful assault on Lees left flank. Lt. Col. Robert Andersons 3rd Brigade, four regiments of Pennsylvania Reserves, crouched low behind a rail fence at the northern end of the cornfield and waited. The 12-hour clash created 21,699 casualties, killed 3,654, and turned many innocuous spots around quiet Sharpsburg, Maryland into national icons of death and suffering, including the Burnside Bridge, the Sunken Road, the West Woods, and the Cornfield . The Civil War was in the midst of its second costly year, and the Union armies had yet to win a significant victory in the eastern theater. A brigade of Georgians under the command of Colonel Marcellus Douglass stood firm along the southern edge of the cornfield, reinforced by three regiments from Walkers brigade. The three-hour fight at Cramptons Gap left 500 Union and 750 Confederate dead and wounded. Hood said to one of Jacksons aides, Tell General Jackson unless I get reinforcements I must be forced back, but I am going on while I can.. Tyndales men charged into the cornfield, and several minutes of hand-to-hand fighting ensued before the Confederates began withdrawing toward the West Woods. Occasionally, a nervous picket fired into the darkness. Lincoln and McClellan had a tortured relationship. The distance between the blue and gray lines was less than 250 yards. Men, I cannot say fell; they were knocked out of the ranks by dozens.. Central Intelligence Agency.The Battle of Antietam: A Turning Point in the Civil War. Brig. McClellan talked of rapid movement and exhorted subordinates to prepare for the march. The smoke and fog lift; and almost at our feet, concealed in a hollow behind a demolished fence, lies a rebel brigade pouring into our ranks the most deadly fire of the war. 12. Miller Farm, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Subscribe to the American Battlefield Trust's quarterly email series of curated stories for the curious-minded sort! Among the wounded during two hours of savage fighting was Lt. Col. Rutherford B. Hayes, commander of the 23rd Ohio Regiment and a future president of the United States. 126, May 18,2020, The Cornfield Inside the Action at Antietams Bloody TurningPoint, Abner Doubleday in Antietams Cornfield: No Day in the (Baseball)Park, Garlands Brigade at the Cornfield: The Death of a Reputationand MuchMore, The 88th Pennsylvania at Antietam: A Cornfield Invalid SavesWashington, Farming the Cornfield: D. R. Millers 1862 Harvest ofDeath, Buffalo in the Cornfield: The 21st New York atAntietam, Claimed by the Cornfield: Georgias Colonel MarcellusDouglass, Cowards in the Cornfield? Jones covered the ground to the south and occupied the bluffs above the lower bridge across the Antietam with six brigades. By the 7th, the army was completely across the Potomac and camped in the vicinity of Frederick. After Lee thwarted the plan of General George B. 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