Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The cause of cholera (ingesting the Vibrio cholerae bacterium from contaminated water) and the best treatment for cholera infections were unknown in this era. These ferries significantly increased speed and safety for Oregon Trail travelers. Weapons: Rifle, shotgun, pistols, knife, hatchet, powder, lead, bullet mold, powder horn, bullet pouch, and holster. The next crossing of the Snake River was near Old Fort Boise. WebThe trail crosses three states and more than 100 state, federal, or local agency lands, each with its own rules and regulations; you are responsible for knowing and following those rules. The Lander Road, formally the Fort Kearney, South Pass, and Honey Lake Wagon Road, was established and built by U.S. government contractors in 185859. WebHow to play The Oregon Trail Press Enter Key to start or stop walking Use Arrow keys to point the rifle (novice hunters) Press Space bar to fire the rifle. in Pacific Northwest etc", "Robert Newell and Joseph Meek reach Fort Walla Walla", "The Wagon Train of 1843: The Great Migration", "An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859", Report of Explorations across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah, "Railroad ticket 1870 Transcontinental Railroad Statistics", "Franklin Missouri The Beginning of the Santa Fe Trail", "Chronological List of Fort Laramie History", "Lincoln County Photos II-Wyoming Tales and Trails", "An Emigrant Train from the top of Big Mountain entering the valley of the Great Salt Lake", "It's Sam Hensley-Not Hansel-Who Discovered Cutoff", The National Oregon-California Trail Center, Northern Nevada and Utah, Southern Idaho Tail Map, "The Oregon Trail - The '70s NBC Show Starring Rod Taylor Comes to DVD with Unaired Episodes", The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 18401860, WashingtonRochambeau Revolutionary Route, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon_Trail&oldid=1148519953, National Historic Trails of the United States, Trails and roads in the American Old West, Units of the National Landscape Conservation System, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2018, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 April 2023, at 17:36. "The Oregon Trail" is a song written by Peter DeRose and Billy Hill, recorded by singing cowboy artist Tex Ritter in 1935, and by Australian country musician Tex Morton in 1936. [55], Over time, two major heavily used cutoffs were established in Wyoming. Upon a quick Google search it doesnt appear that this company is still in operation. Other routes involved taking a ship to Coln, Panama (then called Aspinwall) and a strenuous, disease ridden, five- to seven-day trip by canoe and mule over the Isthmus of Panama before catching a ship from Panama City, Panama to Oregon or California. The set includes 14 original episodes, including the feature-length pilot and the six episodes that did not air on NBC.[118]. Often young Native American boys were hired to drive and ride the stock across the riverthey knew how to swim, unlike many pioneers. The much larger presence of women and children meant these wagon trains did not try to cover as much ground in a single day as Oregon and California bound emigrants, typically taking about 100 days to cover the 1,000 miles (1,600km) trip to Salt Lake City. It rejoined the trail near present-day Ontario, Oregon. Graves were often put in the middle of a trail and then run over by the livestock to make them difficult to find. This route passed Cauldron Linn rapids, Shoshone Falls, two falls near the present city of Twin Falls, and Upper Salmon Falls on the Snake River. Mormon emigration records after 1860 are reasonably accurate, as newspaper and other accounts in Salt Lake City give most of the names of emigrants arriving each year from 1847 to 1868. The journey was very long and most of all HARD. Up every morning before daylight, breakfast, usually just coffee and a biscuit leftover from the ev Destinations along the Oregon Trail in Kansas included St. Mary's Mission, Pottawatomie Indian Pay Station, Vieux's Vermilion Crossing, Alcove Springs and the Hollenberg Station which was built for and used concurrently in 1860 and 1861 by the Pony Express. Civil strife in Nicaragua and a payment to Cornelius Vanderbilt of a "non-compete" payment (bribe) of $56,000 per year killed the whole project in 1855.[114]. By 1840, the HBC had three forts: Fort Hall (purchased from Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth in 1837), Fort Boise and Fort Nez Perce on the western end of the Oregon Trail route as well as Fort Vancouver near its terminus in the Willamette Valley. Another possible route consisted of taking a ship to Mexico traversing the country and then catching another ship out of Acapulco, Mexico to California etc. Beginning in 1834, it visited the American Rendezvous to undersell the American traderslosing money but undercutting the American fur traders. They then traveled overland up the Blackfoot River and crossed the Continental Divide at Lewis and Clark Pass, as it would become known, and on to the head of the Missouri River. A passable wagon trail now existed from the Missouri River to The Dalles. Thomas Fitzpatrick was often hired as a guide when the fur trade dwindled in 1840. Other common causes of death included hypothermia, drowning in river crossings, getting run over by wagons, and accidental gun deaths. On the main trail about 5 miles (8.0km) west of Soda Springs Hudspeth's Cutoff (established 1849 and used mostly by California trail users) took off from the main trail heading almost due west, bypassing Fort Hall. [113] This passage was considerably sped up and made safer in 1855 when the Panama Railroad was completed at terrible cost in money and life across the Isthmus. When the pioneers were told at Fort Hall by agents from the Hudson's Bay Company that they should abandon their wagons there and use pack animals the rest of the way, Whitman disagreed and volunteered to lead the wagons to Oregon. [84] From rivers and lakes, emigrants also fished for catfish and trout. (The Oregon and California emigrants averaged about 15 miles (24km) per day.) The Kelton Road became important as a communication and transportation road to the Boise Basin. Many were discouraged by the cost, effort and danger of the trip. [80] Oxen were trained by leading, the use of a whip or goad, and the use of oral commands (such as "Gee" (right), "Haw" (left), and "Whoa" (stop)). In 1834, The Dalles Methodist Mission was founded by Reverend Jason Lee just east of Mount Hood on the Columbia River. The HBC had nearly a complete monopoly on trading (and most governing issues) in the Columbia District, or Oregon Country as it was referred to by the Americans, and also in Rupert's Land. WebThe Naval Weapons Systems Training Facility Boardman, informally known as the Boardman Bombing Range, is a military installation south of Boardman, Oregon in the United States. No gamepads detected. The Emigrant Experience . While horses and mules allowed themselves to be shod relatively easily, the process was more difficult with oxen, which would lie down and tuck their feet under themselves. There was a "female frontier" that was distinct and different from that experienced by men.[28]. The trail from Three Island Crossing to Old Fort Boise was about 130 miles (210km) long. On July 4, 1824, they cached their furs under a dome of rock they named Independence Rock and started their long trek on foot to the Missouri River. That year the British parliament passed a statute applying the laws of Upper Canada to the district and giving the HBC power to enforce those laws. [53] It was the last army outpost till travelers reached the coast. To disable the ad blocker, toggle the blue bar to the off position, or remove it altogether. There were only a few places where the Snake River was not buried deep in a canyon, and few spots where the river slowed down enough to make a crossing possible. Upon arriving at the river in March 1811, the Tonquin crew began construction of what became Fort Astoria. Goods, supplies, and equipment were often shared by fellow travelers. [citation needed] Although officially the HBC discouraged settlement because it interfered with its lucrative fur trade, its Chief Factor at Fort Vancouver, John McLoughlin, gave substantial help, including employment, until they could get established. While unusable for transportation, the Platte River and North Platte River valleys provided an easily passable wagon corridor going almost due west with access to water, grass, buffalo, and buffalo chips for fuel. After crossing the South Platte River the Oregon Trail follows the North Platte River out of Nebraska into Wyoming. The men of the Peoria Party were among the first pioneers to traverse most of the Oregon Trail. The Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar was coined to commemorate the route. [84] Buffalo chips resembled rotten wood and would make clear and hot fires. The western expansion, and the Oregon Trail in particular, inspired numerous creative works about the settlers' experiences. [76], The north side of the Snake had better water and grass than the south. Despite Stuarts detailed account of the Astor expedition, the South Pass remained largely ignored. Canada had few potential settlers who were willing to move more than 2,500 miles (4,000km) to the Pacific Northwest, although several hundred ex-trappers, British and American, and their families did start settling in Oregon, Washington and California. The Platte River and the North Platte River in the future states of Nebraska and Wyoming typically had many channels and islands and were too shallow, crooked, muddy and unpredictable for travel even by canoe. Offshoots of the trail continued to grow as gold and silver discoveries, farming, lumbering, ranching, and business opportunities resulted in much more traffic to many areas. This cutoff rejoined the Oregon and California Trails near the City of Rocks near the UtahIdaho border and could be used by both California and Oregon bound travelers. These pack trains were then used to haul out the fur bales. After 1846, the towns of Council Bluffs, Iowa, Omaha (est. Married couples were granted at no cost (except for the requirement to work and improve the land) up to 640 acres (2.6km2) (a section or square mile), and unmarried settlers could claim 320 acres (1.3km2). The company According to the National Park Service, the Oregon Trail reached Flagstaff Hill by going through the small valley, known as Virtue Flat, that lies just south of the interpretive center. Nonetheless, this famous expedition had mapped both the eastern and western river-valleys (Platte and Snake Rivers) that bookend the route of the Oregon Trail (and other emigrant trails) across the continental dividethey just had not located the South Pass or some of the interconnecting valleys later used in the high country. 1 in 10 died, settlers had to walk 2000 miles, enemy was disease, 7 months to 5. [85], Canning technology had just begun to be developed, and it gained in popularity through the period of westward expansion. [9] Fort Nisqually was built near the present town of DuPont, Washington and was the first HBC fort on Puget Sound. 1848) is about 200 miles (320km) from the Missouri River, and the trail and its many offshoots nearly all converged close to Fort Kearny as they followed the Platte River west. [54] From Fort Bridger, the main trail, comprising several variants, veered northwest over the Bear River Divide and descended to the Bear River Valley. [62] After getting into Utah, they immediately started setting up irrigated farms and citiesincluding Salt Lake City. Emigration to California spiked considerably with the 1849 gold rush. Along the way he camped at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers and posted a notice claiming the land for Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a fort on the site (Fort Nez Perces was later established there). Oxen hooves are cloven (split), and they had to be shod with two curved pieces of metal, one on each side of the hoof. which stretched for about 2,000 miles (3,200 km), flourished as the main means for hundreds of Employing over 800 at its peak, it used 250 Concord Stagecoaches seating 12 very crowded passengers in three rows. After a few days' travel they soon discovered that steep canyons, waterfalls and impassable rapids made travel by river impossible. The springs here were a favorite attraction of the pioneers who marveled at the hot carbonated water and chugging "steamboat" springs. Its main advantage was that it helped spread out the traffic during peak periods, making more grass available.[68]. North American Arms. Thousands of travelers on the combined California, Oregon, and Mormon trails succumbed to cholera between 1849 and 1855. It was one of the two main emigrant routes to the American West in the 19th century, the other being the southerly Santa Fe Trail from Independence to Santa Fe (now in New Mexico). Only some partial written copies of the Army records and notes recorded in several diaries have survived. T. H. Jefferson, in his Brief Practice Advice guidebook for migrants, recommended that each adult take 200 pounds of flour: "Take plenty of bread stuff; this is the staff of life when everything else runs short. titled "Oregon Trail" parodies expeditions that took place on the Oregon Trail, as well as the 1985 video game The Oregon Trail. There were trails on both sides of the muddy rivers. Nearly all of the settlers in the 1843 wagon trains arrived in the Willamette Valley by early October. It went about 95 miles (153km) through Thousand Springs Valley, West Brush Creek, and Willow Creek, before arriving at the Humboldt River in northeastern Nevada near present-day Wells. WebRifles, shotguns and pisols on the road west Travel on the road west is, in the popular mind, inextricably associated with the possession of firearms. Because of the Platte's brackish water, the preferred camping spots were along one of the many fresh water streams draining into the Platte or the occasional fresh water spring found along the way. [81] Like oxen, mules could survive on prairie grasses. With literally thousands of people and thousands of livestock traveling in a fairly small time slot the travelers had to spread out to find clean water, wood, good campsites, and grass. You'll be taken to a page with a list of extensions - find the extension(s) with "ad blocker" or something similar either in the title or description. [103], Disease was the biggest killer on the Oregon Trail. border). U.S. Route 99 and Interstate 5 through Oregon roughly follow the original Applegate Trail. Miscellaneous deaths included deaths by childbirth, falling trees, flash floods, homicides, kicks by animals, lightning strikes, snake bites, and stampedes. [8] McLoughlin, despite working for the HBC, gave help in the form of loans, medical care, shelter, clothing, food, supplies and seed to U.S. emigrants. Wagons typically carried at least one large water keg,[84][85] and guidebooks available from the 1840s and later gave similar advice to migrants on what food to take. It was rough and steep with poor grass but still cheaper and safer than floating goods, wagons and family down the dangerous Columbia River. [84] Lansford Hastings recommended that each emigrant take 200 pounds of flour, 150 pounds of "bacon" (a word which, at the time, referred broadly to all forms of salt pork), 20 pounds of sugar, and 10 pounds of salt. The wagons had no springs, and the ride along the trail was very rough. Tar was carried to help repair an ox's injured hoof. [110] Measles was also a difficulty, as it is highly contagious and can have an incubation period of ten days or longer. Western scout Kit Carson is thought to have said, "The cowards never started and the weak died on the way", though the general saying was written[when?] The wagons could not easily be stopped, and people, particularly children, were often trying to get on and off the wagons while they were movingnot always successfully. This route was used by many gold hungry miners in 1849 and later but suffered from the disadvantage that you had to find a way across the very wide and very dry Sonora Desert. [47] The Mormons established about 50 temporary towns including the town of Kanesville, Iowa (renamed Council Bluffs in 1852), on the east bank of the Missouri River opposite the mouth of the Platte River. For their own use and to encourage California and Oregon bound travelers the Mormons improved the Mormon Trail from Fort Bridger and the Salt Lake Cutoff trail. Wagon trains left from Missouri. In 2014, a musical named The Trail to Oregon!, based on The Oregon Trail game, with music and lyrics by Jeff Blim and a book by Jeff Blim, Nick Lang and Matt Lang was performed in Chicago and later posted to YouTube by StarKid Productions. They abandoned their horses at the Snake River, made dugout canoes, and attempted to use the river for transport. After 1852 they used Child's Cutoff to stay on the north side to about the present day town of Casper, Wyoming, where they crossed over to the south side. The treaty granted the HBC navigation rights on the Columbia River for supplying their fur posts, clear titles to their trading post properties allowing them to be sold later if they wanted, and left the British with good anchorages at Vancouver and Victoria. This route had the disadvantages of being much too rough for wagons and controlled by the Blackfoot tribes. [89] Travelers had pushed along the relatively easy path to Fort Laramie with their luxury items but discarded them before the difficult mountain crossing ahead, and after discovering that many items could be purchased at the forts or located for free along the way. Corps of Topographical Engineers led by Captain James H. Simpson left Camp Floyd, Utah, to establish an army supply route across the Great Basin to the eastern slope of the Sierras. The Mormons looked on these travelers as a welcome bonanza as setting up new communities from scratch required nearly everything the travelers could afford to part with. Ferries also helped prevent death by drowning at river crossings. [32] About 2,200 LDS pioneers went that first year and they were charged with establishing farms, growing crops, building fences and herds, and establishing preliminary settlements to feed and support the many thousands of emigrants expected in the coming years. They normally used the north side of the Platte Riverthe same route used 20 years later by the Mormon Trail. In 1836, Henry H. Spalding and Marcus Whitman traveled west to establish the Whitman Mission near modern-day Walla Walla, Washington. Along the Mormon Trail, the Mormon pioneers established a number of ferries and made trail improvements to help later travelers and earn much needed money. The three main trails that led to the West were the Oregon Trail, the Mormon Trail, and the California Trail. The cost could be reduced to zero if you signed on as a crewman and worked as a common seaman. [21][22] They were led initially by John Gantt, a former U.S. Army Captain and fur trader who was contracted to guide the train to Fort Hall for $1 per person. The main Oregon and California Trail went almost due north from Fort Bridger to the Little Muddy Creek where it passed over the Bear River Mountains to the Bear River Valley, which it followed northwest into the Thomas Fork area, where the trail crossed over the present day Wyoming line into Idaho. As the North Platte veers to the south, the trail crosses the North Platte to the Sweetwater River Valley, which heads almost due west. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Another possible crossing was a few miles upstream of Salmon Falls where some intrepid travelers floated their wagons and swam their stock across to join the north side trail. "The Oregon Trail: Classic Edition" -- Softkey CD-ROM release title, Space Quest II: Chapter II - Vohaul's Revenge. The most popular was the Barlow Road, which was carved through the forest around Mount Hood from The Dalles in 1846 as a toll road at $5 per wagon and 10 cents per head of livestock. Consensus interpretations, as found in John Faragher's book, Women and Men on the Overland Trail (1979), held that men and women's power within marriage was uneven. After crossing Mount Oread at Lawrence, the trail crosses the Kansas River by ferry or boats near Topeka and crossed the Wakarusa and Black Vermillion rivers by ferries. [116], The Oregon Trail was a television series that ran from September 22 through October 26, 1977, on NBC. None of these original statistical records have been foundthe Army either lost them or destroyed them. Large losses could occur and the drovers would still make significant profit. The trail then proceeded almost due west to meet the main trail at Fort Hall; alternatively, a branch trail headed almost due south to meet the main trail near the present town of Soda Springs.[60][61]. Captain Benjamin Bonneville on his expedition of 1832 to 1834 explored much of the Oregon trail and brought wagons up the Platte, North Platte, Sweetwater route across South Pass to the Green River in Wyoming. 1852) and other Missouri River towns became major supply points and jumping off places for travelers on the Mormon, California, Oregon, and other trails west. "[84][85], Food often took the form of crackers or hardtack; Southerners sometimes chose cornmeal or pinole rather than wheat flour. The story of the Oregon Trail inspired the educational video game series The Oregon Trail, which became widely popular in the 1980s and early 1990s. Mattes, Merril J.; "The Great Platte River Road"; p23; Nebraska State Historical Society; 1979: Brooks D. Simpson; Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 18221865; 2000, Learn how and when to remove this template message, U.S. Army's Corps of Topographical Engineers, National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center, Calamity, a Childhood of Martha Jane Cannary, National Historic Trails Interpretive Center, The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life, "The Mullan Road: A Real Northwest Passage", "Map of Astorian expedition, Lewis and Clark expedition, Oregon Trail, etc. The Goodall cutoff, developed in Idaho in 1862, kept Oregon bound travelers away from much of the native trouble nearer the Snake River. Information on the ClassicReload.com may not be duplicated without permission. The Sublette-Greenwood Cutoff was established in 1844 and cut about 70 miles (110km) off the main route. During the 1849 gold rush, Fort Laramie was known as "Camp Sacrifice" because of the large amounts of merchandise discarded nearby. The wagons had to be disassembled and floated down the treacherous Columbia River and the animals herded over the rough Lolo trail to get by Mt. [7] Because of the War of 1812 and the lack of U.S. fur trading posts in the Pacific Northwest, most of the route was unused for more than 10 years. [6] This knowledge would be incorporated into the concatenated trail segments as the Oregon Trail took its early shape. These combined stage and Pony Express stations along the Oregon Trail and Central Route across Utah and Nevada were joined by the first transcontinental telegraph stations and telegraph line, which followed much the same route in 1861 from Carson City, Nevada to Salt Lake City. Wash days typically occurred once or twice a month, or less, depending on availability of good grass, water, and fuel. U.S. mail contract to deliver mail to San Francisco, California. The Applegate Trail (established 1846), cutting off the California Trail from the Humboldt River in Nevada, crossed part of California before cutting north to the south end of the Willamette Valley. In 1841, James Sinclair, on orders from Sir George Simpson, guided nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony (located at the junction of the Assiniboine River and Red River near present Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) into the Oregon territory. After the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, telegraph lines usually followed the railroad tracks as the required relay stations and telegraph lines were much easier to maintain alongside the tracks. For some years thereafter an American public that initially had been thrilled by the reports of Lewis and Clark became swayed against the West. By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. Two of these fords were near Fort Hall, where travelers on the Oregon Trail North Side Alternate (established about 1852) and Goodale's Cutoff (established 1862) crossed the Snake to travel on the north side. Double barreled rifles were sometimes seen on the frontier, as repeating rifles were not widely available until after the Civil War shotgun or The route they had used appeared to potentially be a practical wagon route, requiring minimal improvements, and Stuart's journals provided a meticulous account of most of the route. The first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, providing faster, safer, and usually cheaper travel east and west (the journey took seven days and cost as little as $65, or equivalent to $1,323 in 2021). The York Factory Express, establishing another route to the Oregon territory, evolved from an earlier express brigade used by the North West Company between Fort Astoria and Fort William, Ontario on Lake Superior. After ferrying across the Missouri River and establishing wagon trains near what became Omaha, the Mormons followed the northern bank of the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort Laramie in present-day Wyoming. The Platte proved to be unnavigable. Other missionaries, mostly husband and wife teams using wagon and pack trains, established missions in the Willamette Valley, as well as various locations in the future states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The images of sandy wastelands conjured up by terms like "desert" were tempered by the many reports of vast herds of millions of Plains Bison that somehow managed to live in this "desert". In theory, the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, restored possession of Oregon territory to the United States. [43] Some emigrants continued to use the trail well into the 1890s, and modern highways and railroads eventually paralleled large portions of the trail, including U.S. Highway 26, Interstate 84 in Oregon and Idaho and Interstate 80 in Nebraska. Estimating is difficult because of the common practice of burying people in unmarked graves that were intentionally disguised to avoid their being dug up by animals or natives. [29], Similarly, emigrant Martha Gay Masterson, who traveled the trail with her family at the age of 13, mentioned the fascination she and other children felt for the graves and loose skulls they would find near their camps.[30]. The Scotts Bluff National Monument William Henry Jackson Collection. 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