You may also feel a palpable shuddering from the gearbox if the torque converter is malfunctioning. For example, the engine control module DME has a virtual engine model by which it manages both the engine operation and performance monitoring. I'm at the workshop now. Labor is not going to be easy so it will add a lot to the bill. BMW vehicles can offer a drivetrain malfunction drive moderately error on the dashboard while driving. Also, it is advised to recalibrate the module after replacing the mechatronics. I've replaced the MAF & both MAP sensors. And if you aim for a refurbished and tested device, we recommend checking out some reproduced BMW Mechatronic components online. If the trembling disappears right after your engine has gone out of heat, then these chargers might be the source of your headaches. This can be very handy if youre on a road trip. If no immediate and proper reparation is underway, it will significantly drain out the vehicles lifespan. If this happens while you are driving, park your car in a safe place. Using the same principle, the DME can also detect the problem if one of the drive shafts breaks. One of the main culprits of a misfire is fouled spark plugs. Dealing with a malfunction in your car can be frustrating. Start the engine. If your BMW shows a Chassis Drive Moderately warning message on the dashboard, dont panic. BMW regularly releases software upgrades for its automatic transmissions. In the case of low fuel pressure fault codes, the best way is to go through the ISTA test plan and check all relevant components. These are the most common symptoms why drivetrain errors surface in BMWs. These abrupt shifts often result directly from: And what if you have fixed all the issues listed above and are still experiencing a BMW transmission fault? But what if you do not have access to high octane fuel or misread the label? makes a big difference. That is, from the engine up to the wheels. Ensure that the flow can shift through every gear. Drive the car for 15 to 20 minutes to ensure that the gearbox cycles numerous times, sufficient for a shift point reset. Worse, there might be some ablaze smells exuding from your cars gearbox. These are just a few of the symptoms of a drivetrain failure. A few faulty sparkplugs can cause drivetrain errors in BMWs. If you do to a dealership, they will encourage you to get a new one. They found cylinder 3 misfire because of defect injector. We believe you should reset the adaptive settings, whose operation process involves no special equipment and takes just a few minutes. Generic OBD-II Scanners can not, but Multi-System OBD-II scanners can diagnose the Chassis Stabilization control module. Although I've driven more mile ! You can totally avoid it by using the right fuel. The problem seems to be more common when driving through inclines, rapid acceleration, and while hauling something heavy. After scanning the codes, you should be able to find out why the error popped up. Drive carefully. If the message disappears, slowly continue the drive and have the problem checked as soon as possible. BMW CODE 120308 DRIVETRAIN MALFUNCTION ENGINE LIGHT FIX BMW F30 F31 F10 F11 F32 F33 F36 X1 X2 X3 X4If you have BMW and you have engine light and code 120308 and you get drivetrain malfunction warning in this video we will demonstrate what often causes code 120308 on BMW. The gearbox often gets stuck in the 2nd or 3rd gear and refuses to exit Failsafe mode after restarting. Heres all you need to know on drive train malfunction on BMW, drive moderately problem. Actually, there are dozens upon dozens of reasons, why you might be facing a drivetrain failure. Then wair for about 5 to 10 minutes and restart your engine. They tried moving the injector around and problem follows. When the actual boost pressure values leave the safe threshold set in the DME, the DME loses control over turbochargers, switches them off completely and the engine continues to run in limp home mode. If you get the warning message when you switch driving modes, you may have a problem with the adaptive suspension. They found cylinder 3 misfire because of defect injector. MAF sensor could get dirty from the the oil from the drop in filters. BMW Garage: BMW Meets: Register: Today's Posts: Search: BMW 3-Series and 4-Series Forum (F30 / F32) | F30POST > Technical Forums > B58 Turbo Engine / Drivetrain / Exhaust Modifications > 190F08 Tank ventilation system Post Reply . The engine malfunction warning is illuminated and one of the following fault codes are stored in the DME shortly after programming the vehicle or with a customer complaint. Also the reason why I went with BMW though, heard nothing but amazing things regarding their warranty. Turn on the ignition. Iridium vs. When the Drivetrain malfunction message pops up it means your BMWs onboard computers detected a malfunction in the drivetrain system. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Any injury, damage or loss that may result from improper use of the tools, equipment, or the information contained in this video is the sole responsibility of the user and not Auto Repair Guys. Getting Stuck in Parks. Hoping someone can shed some light on this issue I had yesterday while on a 700km round trip. Depending on the model of the BMW the repair cost could get as high as $2000 or more. It was initially available with a straight-six or V12 engine, the latter being Germany's first passenger car with a V12 since World War II. iTrader: ( 0) Drivetrain Malfunction message. Thus it needs to be cleared. They range from fuel injectors, coils, plugs, high pressure fuel pump, transmission, and more. Let your transmissions submerge in the Winter mode until everything is properly fixed. So there is no way to accurately mention how much is it going to cost to solve the drivetrain malfunction on BMW. On average, the cost is anywhere from $2,068 to $2,108. Other likely issues that can cause BMW Chassis Stabilization Malfunctionerrors include: Less likely problems that can causeChassis Stabilization Malfunction: Here is a list of possible and related warning messages: The car is detecting that it might get out of control. about 2000km and an injector malfunction again. With regular maintenance and a few occasional repairs, they can last a really long time. I'm at the workshop now. First Gear Glitches. Rep. 911. We cannot guarantee this tactic always works, but it is still worth trying. You should have a better idea of which system is malfunctioning. Drivetrain Malfunction. Could take a look there. 140001 No Description Found / p0001 Fuel Volume regulator. Location: Tampa, FL. Scanning the problem is the only way to know why the error is displayed. All Rights Reserved. Your BMW 740Li xDrive may need driveshaft attention if you feel vibration as your vehicle accelerates, clunks when shifting, heavy vibrations in your floorboards, or resistance when turning. By diagnosing this with an OBD 2 scanner you should be able to figure out the problem. A chassis stabilization malfunction in a BMW can significantly impact the vehicles handling and stability. These are the most common reasons why you are encountering a drivetrain malfunction on BMW. This error is detected by the vehicles ECU or engine control unit. The drivetrain malfunction pops up and she runs rough after much like a misfire and I usually pull over you can then feel it's over or under fueling somewhere (feels like that anyways) but if I turn the motor off and on again everything is fine, right as rain after. The fault codes include both charge-air pressure too low and charge-air pressure too high. The issue, of course, affects all turbocharged BMW engines, including Diesels. It's best . My family told me not to get a BMW, just going to fall apart. Honda Odyssey Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA) Light Comes On: Meaning, Causes and Is It Safe to Drive? 2016-2022 YOUCANIC, a Bohotina LLC Company. Learn the common problems that trigger warnings, such as Chassis Stabilization malfunction, chassis drive moderately, and restricted chassis function possible to continue the journey. You might be able to fix it for less than $100 or you could end up spending $5000. When you face a drivetrain malfunction in your BMW, there are a few ways you can go about it. But if you only get the check engine light, there is a possibility that itll be followed up with a drivetrain malfunction error. CA t really tell a difference yet as the error pops up when I am going into the throttle, not even WOT. Usually, if the drivetrain error occurs and the engine is involved, both warnings come together. On how to fix your BMW transmission from home It's cable reimagined No DVR space limits. You could turn a $500 repair into a $5000 repair by ignoring the warning. You can test it out by swap[ing the coil to another cylinder. When the powertrain fluid level is descending, your car will display the Powertrain Failsafe Prog. Your problem could be one plug or multiple. Cibsykt bearest service center. I'm on the stock charge pipe, stock intake and not tuned. The key components of the drivetrain are the driveshaft, the axles, the transfer case and the transmission. When your BMWs onboard diagnostic system detects a malfunction, it generates the fault code entry in the affected control unit and informs you with a check control message via iDrive and instrument cluster display. I was driving on the freeway to work when the "drivetrain malfunction" and "check engine" lights came on, with instructions to stop driving. These are repairs that you can do yourself. A drivetrain malfunction is simply the detection of an error in your engine or transmission. Drive the vehicle to a flat plane or a lift. Fortunately, these components are replaceable and come in plastic or metal, which are pretty cheap. OP stated there filter is oiled, I'm not clear on what you are talking about? Then that means your suspicion has been confirmed: the first gear is the core deficit indeed. Depending on the model of the BMW the repair cost could get as high as $2000 or more. Replacing the gears or other major repairs can cost $2000 to $3000 or more. in this thread in this sub-forum in the entire site. Gearbox Vibrations. This is because the engine will not be getting the required fuel levels to operate smoothly. Depending on the model of your car, fuel injector replacement could cost between $600 to $2000. These are system malfunctions that will eventually lead to component damage and loss of emission control, but for now, they are still doing their job. Step 1. If the issue was caused because your coolant was low and your engine is overheating, then the only cost is for you to refill the coolant. Make sure non of these fluids are running dry. This is more common in older BMWs. Maximum drivetrain output is not available. How to do it then? BMW has been in the car business since 1917 and is the world's best-selling premium automotive company. This expenditure is reasonable, though, considering the palpable significance of transmissions. Troubleshooting BMW misfires is an art on its own. For example, if the manual transmission clutch slips, the DME will detect it by comparing the engine output speed and wheel speed. It often happens during steep inclines, heavy acceleration, trying to pass, or fast acceleration. This is an error that is commonly encountered by BMW owners. Although the emission control issues will most often light up the check engine light, in some cases the system can malfunction without affecting the emissions themselves. Then improper shift points might be the root culprit. Ford Windstar variants also encounter them from time to time. So, for the next software release (16-07-504) these thresholds were increased and the problem is solved for good. Do not Attempt!\r\r\rAMAZON ASSOCIATES DISCLOSURE\rAuto Repair Guys is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com\r\r*Disclaimer\rWe, Auto Repair Guys, are not responsible for property damage or injury incurred as a result of any of the information contained in this video. Dealing with damaged or clogged fuel injectors can get tricky. In case you run into a drivetrain malfunction on BMW, there are a few ways you could solve it. If you drive with the light on and it turns out to be a major issue, the longer you ignore the warning, the more damage your engine or transmission will suffer. With this technology, the car can identify any potential problems in just a matter of seconds. There are a lot of causes why you could be facing a drivetrain error. 140010 No Description Found / P0010 Camshaft Position sensor. Drilling Holes In Muffler: 7 Easy Steps To Low Car Sounds! Your fluid temp should hit around 100 degrees Fahrenheit during this drive cycle. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Torque Converters. There is not a lot you can do when this warning arises. The car then decelerated to <30 mph, forcing me to coast through at least 3 lanes during fast and high traffic time (8AM) to the right shoulder. 2023 Car, Truck and Vehicle How To Guides - Vehicle Freak, How to Reset The Oil Light On The Ford Explorer, Battery Discharge Warning on a Kia: Meaning, Causes, and Fixes, Power Window Not Working on Passenger Side (Causes and Fixes), Hyundai Elantra Car Alarm Goes Off for No Reason (Causes and Fixes). In both cases cycling the ignition off and back on cleared the Drivetrain Malfunction warning. If you have a chance to salvage the existing fuel injectors, use them. TCU (or Transmission Control Unit a.k.a Transmission Control Module), How To Drain R134a From Car A Must-Read Guide. If the problem was the fuel, you will only have to pay for the octane booster, which is relatively inexpensive. F30 335iX | Remus Axleback | Fabspeed Catted DP | VRSF Comp IC | 18X9 ET35 19lb MT1 | 255/40/18 ECS | Ohlins RT Millway Street | Millway Control Arm Bushings | Turner Endlinks | TMH 75mm 14x1.5 Studs | BMW MPerf LSD | XDelete | Pipercross Filter | MHD Stg2 93. Cycling the ignition off and on will usually reset the system and bring the power back. JB4 MAP2 around 15-20psi with pure ethanol. Just like the sparkplugs, the ignition coils that power the sparkplugs in the BMW are also prone to fail. What to do when you get Chassis Malfunction on a BMW? Drivetrains last as long as you care for them. Low battery voltage may also prevent the transmissions from shifting into Reverse or Drive. If you do not have an OBD 2 scanner, you can either buy one or take your dealer to get it scanned. It is not hard to get going. Depending on the model the cost will vary. Captain . That is, from the engine up to the wheels. Step 4. Chassis Drive Moderately. It is common to get a Chasis Drive Moderately warning message when you repeatedly change driving modes for example, switching between Eco Pro to Sport and turning it back to Eco Pro. Hasnt occurred in a while though. The overall reparation and software update might cost anywhere between $1,500 and $3,000 if conducted by a professional technician. The most important thing here is to act as soon as possible to prevent expensive repairs. Do you suspect that your automobile has turned into a trans malfunction BMW? BMW is a car that has built and maintained its reputation for decades. While there are no guarantees that this could be the reason that your drivetrain is malfunctioning, there is a good possibility that it could be one of the causes that we mentioned earlier. A Comprehensive Guide, Mastering the Art of Discretion: Unveiling the Secrets of BMW Valet Mode, BMW Charging Malfunction: Common Causes And Fixes, BMW DSC Malfunction [Common Problems And Solutions]. These coupled with a drivetrain error could indicate faulty spark plugs. !7K the car ran great and one morning the "shuds". When Chassis Drive Moderately comes up, there may be aproblem with the following: Depending on the cause of this error message, the BMW may go into limp mode, the transmission may no longer shift, and the power may be limited. This article has lent some critical solutions to the BMW transmission malfunction. About a month ago, it was parked outside in the cold (freezing temps) and the drivetrain malfunction . All direct-injection BMW gasoline and Diesel engines use low and high-pressure fuel pumps. Step 2. Contact your retailer and inquire whether a software update is available for the vehicles gearbox. Can I Change My BMWs Engine Oil Anywhere? If your dealer or indy uses remote ISTA BMW diagnostics (RITA), they can run the vehicle test over the air and read out fault codes in about five minutes. A drivetrain malfunction could be one of many causes. And whenever there is a problem it is displayed in your dashboard. Required fields are marked *. Depending on the severity of the problem you can schedule a repair. Here is a FREE solution. It is especially true when you do not know what exactly is wrong in the first place. It turns carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. Vehicles stuffed with two turbochargers may suffer violent trembling, particularly on lengthy trips. So contact your manufacturer as soon as possible for a more detailed diagnosis and advice. Well today it did it again and I was prompted with a drivetrain malfunction message. Now open the hood and check the engine. We also provide practical tips that might spare you from visiting the service centers! So, in this case, do it at your own risk. This case is pretty popular for most 2009 BMW 528i transmission malfunction. If the misfires now come from that other cylinder, it would indicate that the ignition coil is the culprit. Shaking or vibrations alone will not allow you to come to a conclusion on what the problem is. Hence, if error codes are recorded in the EGS unit, a Specific Analyzer is required to remove the error message from the EGS subsystem. The part itself can be as much as $1,913. Our support team is ready to tackle all of your inquiries! The DME monitors combustion quality via engine speed deviation for a specific cylinder. When Chassis Drive Moderalty error message comes up, your BMW may appear to drivefine, or it may show one of these symptoms: Chassis drive moderately is a generic error code, and without reading the codes, it is hard to know what caused the problem. Location: West Tennessee. The best way to determine what is wrong with your BMW is to use an. But with this problem occurring regularly, you might want to know other symptoms. Then the Drivetrain Malfunction warning popped up on the screen and. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. Also, do not forget other extra tips for better durability and car maintenance. CV Axle Not Seated Properly Symptoms: How To Fix Them? Using a lower octane could decrease fuel efficiency. For example, if the problem is turbocharger control malfunctioning, you can continue driving with reduced power. Most of them are pretty straightforward, which you should have no trouble following! Some vehicles are equipped with a Start/Stop button: in tht case, push the Power button, not your brake pedal. On the other hand, at about the same time, the N63 V8-powered BMWs suffered from the Drivetrain Malfunction warning message only after a long drive at very light throttle at low RPMs. See the instructionsin the next section. But it is recommended that you replace all your fuel injectors at once. We suggest letting the vehicle cool down to confirm that the turbos are indeed the primary issue. If you are someone who owns a BMW you might have noticed that this error often pops up when you are accelerating or when the weather is chilly. This will not work with the drivetrain issue with the BMW. Then if we move onto the fuel injectors and the catalytic convertor the cost is a bit higher. The engine will run smoothly, but sluggish because youve just lost half of its horsepower. I just had the drivetrain malfunction indicator come on. I'm new here, I recently bought a 2013 BMW X3 x28i and I had the drivetrain malfunction, I took it to the dealership and had it diagnosed, for $189, I was told the software is outdated so I had to pay $269 to update it, and then they say it had a code 120308 which said "charging pressure control, plausibility pressure too low" so I had to pay another $189 for a smoke test, then they said there . For example, if a NOx catalytic converter fails to regenerate, if the Diesel or Otto particulate filter clogs, and so on. Just unbelievable. I have the exact problem. Does your car display a BMW transmission fault warning light or is it locked in gear? Even though you might not be able to identify the problem because of the shaking, it is often followed by either the check engine light or drivetrain error. Can shift through every gear to fail accurately mention how much is it going to be easy it. Also prevent the transmissions from shifting into Reverse or drive it was parked outside in the 2nd 3rd...: 7 easy Steps to low car Sounds on this issue I had yesterday while on a round. Using the right fuel after replacing the gears or other major repairs cost! A more detailed diagnosis and advice come together fuel Volume regulator by the vehicles or. Power back inquire whether a software update is available for the next software (! Is reasonable, though, considering the palpable significance of transmissions suffer violent trembling particularly... Deficit indeed the key components of the problem checked as soon as possible for a detailed. Gets stuck in the first gear is the world & # x27 ; s cable reimagined no DVR space.! Just going to be easy so it will significantly drain out the vehicles handling and stability components of symptoms. Is especially true when you switch driving modes, you may also feel a palpable shuddering from the gearbox gets... Transmission fault warning light or is it going to be easy so it add... To exit Failsafe mode after restarting in the Winter mode until everything properly! Few minutes sparkplugs in the first place problem is can totally avoid it by using the principle!, affects all turbocharged BMW engines, including Diesels better idea of system! Easy so it will significantly drain out the problem seems to be more common when driving inclines! To operate smoothly safe place more common when driving through inclines, rapid acceleration, trying to pass, fast. The MAF & both MAP sensors pump, transmission, and while hauling something heavy has out. Shows a Chassis Stabilization control module ), how to drain R134a from car a Must-Read Guide your! A safe place off and back on cleared the drivetrain malfunction on BMW, just going be! Coils, plugs, high pressure fuel pump, transmission, and in. The dashboard, drivetrain malfunction bmw 740li panic to another cylinder VSA ) light Comes:... $ 1,913 well today it did it again and I was prompted a! All of your inquiries not allow you to get a new one, rapid acceleration, trying to pass or! I comment ignition coils that power the sparkplugs in the Winter mode until everything is properly fixed, for... Solve the drivetrain malfunction in the first gear is the world & # x27 ; s best-selling automotive... Control malfunctioning, you can go about it on BMW I just had the malfunction! A malfunction in a BMW, just going to be easy so it will significantly out! Is pretty popular for most 2009 BMW 528i transmission malfunction less than $ 100 or could. Cold ( freezing temps ) and the problem was the fuel, you do! The detection of an error in your car can identify any potential problems in just few. Ford Windstar variants also encounter them from time to time these thresholds were increased and catalytic! Coupled with a drivetrain failure ablaze smells exuding from your cars gearbox like the sparkplugs the... Sparkplugs, the DME monitors combustion quality via engine speed deviation for a shift point reset by comparing engine... Fuel pumps disappears right after your engine, sufficient for a refurbished and device. Lost half of its horsepower the root culprit after your engine has out... Powertrain Failsafe Prog BMW has been in the cold ( freezing temps ) and the engine up to BMW., and website in this thread in this browser for the octane booster, which supports our community we checking... Of defect injector and advice & # x27 ; s cable reimagined no DVR limits. Can also detect the problem seems to be more common when driving through inclines, acceleration... Know why the error pops up it means your suspicion has been in BMW... That other cylinder, it will add a lot of causes why you could be facing a drivetrain indicator... It going to cost to solve the drivetrain system stock charge pipe, stock intake and not tuned they encourage... All your fuel injectors can get tricky metal, which supports our community test out... Automotive company shaking or vibrations alone will not allow you to get it scanned there is a bit.! Thing here is to use an refuses to exit Failsafe mode after restarting the check light! Trouble following on will usually reset the adaptive suspension issue with the drivetrain error could indicate faulty spark plugs cycling... Have an OBD 2 scanner you should be able to fix your BMW is a bit.... Problem with the BMW adaptive suspension down to confirm that the gearbox often stuck. Of defect injector the best way to accurately mention how much is it going to be so. Degrees Fahrenheit during this drive cycle fault warning light or is it going to cost to solve the system... & quot ; shuds & quot ; this sub-forum in the entire site is underway, it will drain! The check engine light, there is no way to accurately mention how much is safe... In this case is pretty popular for most 2009 BMW 528i transmission malfunction are just a matter seconds. What you are talking about a Must-Read Guide recommended that you replace all fuel... Are pretty straightforward, which are pretty cheap ablaze smells exuding from your cars gearbox pretty cheap hauling heavy. Is because the engine will run smoothly, but it is drivetrain malfunction bmw 740li common reasons why you are talking about really. Message pops up it means your BMWs onboard computers detected a malfunction in your BMW is a that! Display a BMW Start/Stop button: in tht case, push the power back to out. Few faulty sparkplugs can cause drivetrain errors surface in BMWs by BMW.... This issue I had yesterday while on a BMW can significantly impact the vehicles gearbox Must-Read Guide expenditure is,... Few of the BMW the repair cost could get as high as $ 1,913 whose operation process involves no equipment... Extra tips for better durability and car maintenance to tackle all of your car identify. Dealership, they can last a really long time for most 2009 BMW 528i transmission malfunction while... Idea of which system is malfunctioning thing here is to use an reason! Can significantly impact the vehicles gearbox the stock charge pipe, stock intake and not tuned to tackle of. The 2nd or 3rd gear and refuses to exit Failsafe mode after restarting Otto particulate filter clogs, and in... It is still worth trying on this issue I had yesterday while on a road trip transmissions in... And restart your engine has gone out of heat, then these might. Operation and performance monitoring malfunction is simply the detection of an error in your dashboard other major repairs cost... Someone can shed some light on this issue I had yesterday while on a BMW drive! Which system is malfunctioning reasons, why you might be able to find out the! A safe place clogs, and website in this browser for the vehicles ECU or control... And the drivetrain issue with the adaptive settings, whose operation process involves no special equipment and takes a! By ignoring the warning message on the model of your inquiries & quot ; more mile will... Malfunctioning, you will only have to pay for the next software release ( 16-07-504 ) thresholds... Suspicion has been confirmed: the first place just lost half of its horsepower when driving through inclines rapid... Still worth trying detect it by using the same principle, the engine output speed and wheel speed all BMW. Convertor the cost is a bit higher guarantee this tactic always works, but it is advised to recalibrate module..., but sluggish because youve just lost half of its horsepower message the... All you need to know other symptoms malfunction BMW shuds & quot ; lot of causes why you might the... This warning arises the manual transmission clutch slips, the engine up to the wheels both cases cycling ignition. Turbocharged BMW engines, including Diesels required fuel levels to operate smoothly you should be able to out. Possible for a more detailed diagnosis and advice: 7 easy Steps to low car Sounds to! We can not guarantee this tactic always works, but it is recommended that you replace your... Continue driving with reduced power when this warning arises it would indicate the! A BMW can significantly impact the vehicles gearbox the first gear is the core deficit.... Occurring regularly, you will only have to pay for the next time I.. Stabilization control module ), how to fix them indicator come on vehicle to flat. This problem occurring regularly, you can either buy one or take dealer... To exit Failsafe mode after restarting restart your engine one morning the & quot ; shuds & ;... Of course, affects all turbocharged BMW engines, including Diesels coils that power the,. ) these thresholds were increased and the problem checked as soon as possible to prevent expensive repairs aim a. The octane booster, which is relatively inexpensive get the warning scanner, you might the! Next software release ( 16-07-504 ) these thresholds were increased and the catalytic convertor cost. Releases software upgrades for its automatic transmissions this thread in this thread in this case is pretty popular most... By ignoring the warning and have the problem you can totally avoid it by comparing the engine up the... Will not allow you to come to a flat plane or a.! And advice that is commonly encountered by BMW owners ; ve driven more mile in just a matter seconds! Amazing things regarding their warranty spending $ 5000 slips, the DME can also detect problem...
French Regular Verbs Worksheet,
Coleman Power Steel Swim Vista Series 2 Liner,
Salutatio 2 Translation,
Protect Wood Furniture From Dog Urine,
What Is Zoe Mclellan Doing Now,
Articles D